What type of erosion is primarily caused by water running over the soil surface?

Surface erosion is primarily caused by water running over the soil surface. This type of erosion occurs when rainwater or surface runoff flows across the top layer of soil, detaching soil particles and transporting them away. It is typically seen in areas with minimal vegetation cover, where the protective layer of plant matter and roots is absent, making the soil more susceptible to being washed away.

In cases of surface erosion, the flow of water can be slow and may accumulate over a large area, leading to the gradual removal of thin layers of soil. This is different from other forms of erosion, such as rill and gully erosion, which involve concentrated flow of water creating channels. Surface erosion is often the first stage of erosion, potentially leading to more severe forms if not controlled. Managing surface erosion is crucial in preventing sedimentation in water bodies and maintaining soil quality.